Distribution, morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of Crepidium acuminatum
Abstract
Crepidium acuminatum is largely confine to the Himalayan region although it has been reported in South India, where its presence distribution needs to be critically studied. This study describes the morphological, anatomical and histochemical aspects of the materials of the authenticated species collected from Himalayas. This study also highlights the features of histochemistry and anatomy that should be used for the correct identification and authentication of C. acuminatum, especially because of the therapeutic importance of the species and its possible adulteration by other orchids.
References
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Abraham A., Vatsala P. 1981. Introduction to orchids: 533. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India.
Adams S.J., Senthil Kumar T., Muthuraman G., Majeed A. 2017. Ashtavarga plants. A review. In: Pullaiah T., Krishnamurthy K.V., Bahadur B. (eds), The ethnobotany of India: Western and Central Himalayas. Vol. 4: 293–312. Apple Academic Press, USA.
Aravindhan V., Sathiyadas L., Rajendran A., Thomas B. 2011. Some rare and endemic medicinal orchids of Velliangiri hills of Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Indian For. 137: 1077–1081.
Balkrishna A. 2012. Secrets of Astavarga plants (for vitality and anti-aging). Divya Prakashan, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
Balkrishna A., Shrivastava A., Mishra R., Patel S., Vashistha R., Singh A., Jadon V., Saxena P. 2012. Astavarga plants-threatened medicinal plants of the North-Western Himalaya. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants 2: 2249–4340.
Bose T.K., Bhattacharjee S.K., Das P., Basak U.C. 1999. Orchids of India. 2nd ed.: 325–332. Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
Chang C., Chen Y.C., Hen Y.C., Yen H.F. 2005. Protocorm or rhizome? The morphology of seed germination in Cymbidium dayanum Reichb. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica (Taiwan) 46: 71–74.
Chauhan N.S. 1999. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Cheruvathur M.K., Abraham J., Mani B., Thomas T.D. 2010. Adventitious shoot induction from cultured internodal explants of Malaxis acuminata D. Don, a valuable terrestrial medicinal orchid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 101 (2): 163–170. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9673-0
Chinmay R., Kumari S., Bishnupriya D., Mohanty R.C., Renu D., Padhi M.M., Ramesh B. 2011. Phyto-pharmacognostical studies of two endangered species of Malaxis (Jeevak and Rishibhak). Phcog. J. 3: 77–85. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.26.13
Clarke C.B. 1885. Flora of British India. Vol. V. L. Reene and Co, London.
Dhyani A., Nautiyal B.P., Nautiyal M.C. 2010. Importance of Astavarga plants in traditional systems of medicine in Garhwal, Indian Himalaya, Int. J. Biodiversity Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manage. 6 (1–2): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2010.521490
Dutt S., Bhanwara R.K., Vasisht K., Karan M., Sharma R.K. 2010. Morphoanatomical studies on Malaxis acuminata D. Don – an endangered medicinal orchid. Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 5 (3): 149–161.
Ferreira J.F.S., Duke S.O., Vaughn K.C. 1998. Histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of tropane alkaloids in Erythroxylum coca var. coca and E. novogranatense var. novogranatense. Int. J. Plant Sci. 159: 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1086/297566
Gamble J.S., Fischer C.E.C. 1915–1936. Flora of the Presidency Madras. Vol. I–III. Adlard & Co., London (Reprinted 1956). Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India.
Gupta A. 2016. Studies on Malaxis acuminata D. Don (= Microstylis wallichii Lindl.) – a medicinally important orchid. J. Global Res. Comput. Sci. Technol. 6: 1–11.
Henry A.N., Chithra V., Balakrishnan N.P. 1989. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series 1: Analysis. Vol. 3. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, India.
Hinsley A., de Boer H.J., Fay M.F., Gale S.W. Gardiner L.M., Gunasekara R.S., Kumar P., Masters S., Metusala D., Roberts D.L., Veldman S., Wong S., Jacob P. 2017. A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. box083. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box083
Júnior R.F.G., Aparecida E., Pedrinho N., Castellane T.C.L., Lemos E.G.M. 2011. Auxin-producing bacteria isolated from the roots of Cattleya walkeriana, an endangered Brazilian orchid, and their role in acclimatization. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 35: 729–737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832011000300008
Karuppusamy S., Muthuraja G., Rajasekaran K.M. 2009. Status of orchids on Kolli Hills of Eastern Ghats, Tamilnadu. EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter 15: 3–5.
Kaushik P. 1983. Ecological and anatomical marvels of the Himalayan orchids: 101–113. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Krishnamurthy K.V. 1988. Methods in plant histochemistry. S. Vishwanathan Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India.
Lelliott R.A. 1966. The plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria. J. Appl. Bact. 29: 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1966.tb03458.x
Lohani N., Tewari L.M., Joshi G.C., Kumar R., Kishor K., Upreti B.M. 2013. Population assessment and threat categorization of endangered medicinal orchid Malaxis acuminata D. Don. from North-West Himalaya. Int. J. Conserv. Sci. 4: 483–490.
Manikandan R., Lakshminarasimhan P. 2012. Flowering plants of Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park, Karnataka, India. Check List 8: 1052–1084.
Matthew K.M. 1983. The flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic. The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, India.
Murugesan M., Balasubramaniam V. 2008. A survey on the orchids of Velliangiri hills, a part of Nilgiri Biosphere. Sci. Trans. Environm. Technov. 1: 186–200.
Narayanan P., Laddha K.S., Akamanchi K.G. 2002. Histo-chemical localization of forskolin and other terpenoids in C. forskohlii. Curr. Sci. 83: 945–946.
Nayar T.S., Sibi M., Beegam A.R. 2014. Flowering plants of the Western Ghats, India. Vol. 2. Monocot. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Kerala, India.
Nuammee A., Seelanan T., Suddee S., Pedersen H.Æ. 2016. Notes on Crepidium (Orchidaceae): Two new combinations, a putative natural hybrid, and four species newly recorded for Thailand. Thai Forest Bull. Bot. 44: 35–44. https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb .2016.44.1.08
Peterson R.L., Massicotte H.B., Melville L.H. 2004. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and cell biology. CABI Publishing, UK.
Pridgeon A.M., Stern W.L., Benzing D.H. 1983. Tilosomes in roots of Orchidaceae: Morphology and systematic occurrence. Am. J. Bot. 70: 1365–1377. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443427
Porembski S., Barthlott W. 1988. Velamen radicum micromorphology and classification of Orchidaceae. Nord. J. Bot. 8: 117–137. http://doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00491.x
Pushpa S., Nipun M., Pankaj G., Gurkirpal S., Sumit D., Sakshi S. 2011. Malaxis acuminata: A review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2: 422–425.
Reddy C.S., Reddy K.N., Jadhav S.N. 2001. Malaxis acuminata D. Don (Orchidaceae): A new record for Andhra Pradesh, India. Ind. J. For. 24: 111.
Reddy C.S., Pattanaik C., Murthy M.S.R., Reddy K.N. 2006. Floristic census of orchids of Eastern Ghats, India. The Botanica 56: 79–96.
Ridley H.N. 1887. A revision of the genera Microstylis and Malaxis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 24 (162): 308–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1888.tb01947.x
Samant S.S., Dhar U., Palni L.M.S. 1998. Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity, distribution, potential values. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital.
Senthilkumar S., Krishnamurthy K.V., Britto S.J., Arockiasamy D.I. 2000. Visualization of orchid mycorrhizal fungal structures with fluorescence dye using epifluorescence microscopy. Curr. Sci. 79: 1527–1528. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24104843
Sharma Y.P., Rani J., Raina R., Bandana K. 2014. New insights into the morphology of Malaxis acuminata D. Don. Int. J. Farm Sci. 4: 136–146.
Shekhovtsova N.V., Marakaev O.A., Pervushina K.A., Osipov G.A. 2013. The underground organ microbial complexes of moorland spotted orchid Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae). Adv. Biosci. Biotech. 4: 35–42. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2013.47A2005
Singh A.P. 2005. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhambha Orientalia, New Delhi, India.
Singh A.P. 2006. Raj Nighantu. Chaukhambha Orientalia, New Delhi, India.
Singh D., Kumar S., Pandey R., Hasanain M., Sarkar J., Kumar B. 2017. Bioguided chemical characterization of the antiproliferative fraction of edible pseudo bulbs of Malaxis acuminata D. Don by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Med. Chem. Res. 26 (12): 3307–3314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-017-2023-6
Smith S.A., Read D.J. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Stern W.L. 2014. Orchidaceae. In: Gregory M., Cutler D.F. (eds), Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Vol. X. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Stern W.L., Judd W.S., Carlsward B.S. 2004. Systematic and comparative anatomy of Maxillarieae (orchidaceae), sans Oncidiinae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144: 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00257.x
Subedi A., Kunwar B., Choi Y., Dai Y., Andel T., Chaudhary R.P., Boer H.J., Gravendeel B. 2013. Collection and trade of wild-harvested orchids in Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-64
Sultan J., Singh C.J. 2006. Herbal market spectrum. 1 (2): 1–7. Grameen Vikas Evam Paryavaram Jagran Samiti, Paonta Sahib, Sirmor, Himachal Pradesh.
Uma E., Rajendran R., Muthukumar T. 2015. Morphology, anatomy and mycotrophy of pseudobulb and subterranean organs in Eulophia epidendraea and Malaxis acuminata (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae). Flora 217: 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2015.09.010
Ved D.K., Kinhal G.A., Ravikumar K., Prabhakaran V., Ghate U., Vijaya Shankar R. 2003. Conservation assessment and management. Prioritization for the medicinal plants of Jammu & Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh & Uttaranchal. Bangalore, Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, India.
Ved D.K., Sureshchandra S.T., Barve V., Srinivas V., Sangeetha S., Ravikumar K., Kartikeyan R., Kulkarni V., Kumar A.S., Venugopal S.N., Somashekhar B.S., Sumanth M.V., Begum N., Rani S., Surekha K.V., Desale N. 2016. State-wise medicinal plants checklist. FRLHT’s ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/stchecklist
Vinogradova T., Andronova E.V. 2013. Development of orchid seeds and seedlings. In: Kull T., Arditti J. (eds), Orchid biology: Reviews and perspectives. VIII. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht.
Yeung E.C. 2017. A perspective on orchid seed and protocorm development. Bot. Stud. 58 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-017-0188-4
Yoder L.R., Mahlberg P.G. 1976. Reaction of alkaloid and histochemical indicators in laticifers and specialized parenchyma cells of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). Am. J. Bot. 63: 1167–1173. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2441734
Abraham A., Vatsala P. 1981. Introduction to orchids: 533. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India.
Adams S.J., Senthil Kumar T., Muthuraman G., Majeed A. 2017. Ashtavarga plants. A review. In: Pullaiah T., Krishnamurthy K.V., Bahadur B. (eds), The ethnobotany of India: Western and Central Himalayas. Vol. 4: 293–312. Apple Academic Press, USA.
Aravindhan V., Sathiyadas L., Rajendran A., Thomas B. 2011. Some rare and endemic medicinal orchids of Velliangiri hills of Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Indian For. 137: 1077–1081.
Balkrishna A. 2012. Secrets of Astavarga plants (for vitality and anti-aging). Divya Prakashan, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
Balkrishna A., Shrivastava A., Mishra R., Patel S., Vashistha R., Singh A., Jadon V., Saxena P. 2012. Astavarga plants-threatened medicinal plants of the North-Western Himalaya. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants 2: 2249–4340.
Bose T.K., Bhattacharjee S.K., Das P., Basak U.C. 1999. Orchids of India. 2nd ed.: 325–332. Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
Chang C., Chen Y.C., Hen Y.C., Yen H.F. 2005. Protocorm or rhizome? The morphology of seed germination in Cymbidium dayanum Reichb. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica (Taiwan) 46: 71–74.
Chauhan N.S. 1999. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Cheruvathur M.K., Abraham J., Mani B., Thomas T.D. 2010. Adventitious shoot induction from cultured internodal explants of Malaxis acuminata D. Don, a valuable terrestrial medicinal orchid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 101 (2): 163–170. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9673-0
Chinmay R., Kumari S., Bishnupriya D., Mohanty R.C., Renu D., Padhi M.M., Ramesh B. 2011. Phyto-pharmacognostical studies of two endangered species of Malaxis (Jeevak and Rishibhak). Phcog. J. 3: 77–85. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.26.13
Clarke C.B. 1885. Flora of British India. Vol. V. L. Reene and Co, London.
Dhyani A., Nautiyal B.P., Nautiyal M.C. 2010. Importance of Astavarga plants in traditional systems of medicine in Garhwal, Indian Himalaya, Int. J. Biodiversity Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manage. 6 (1–2): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2010.521490
Dutt S., Bhanwara R.K., Vasisht K., Karan M., Sharma R.K. 2010. Morphoanatomical studies on Malaxis acuminata D. Don – an endangered medicinal orchid. Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 5 (3): 149–161.
Ferreira J.F.S., Duke S.O., Vaughn K.C. 1998. Histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of tropane alkaloids in Erythroxylum coca var. coca and E. novogranatense var. novogranatense. Int. J. Plant Sci. 159: 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1086/297566
Gamble J.S., Fischer C.E.C. 1915–1936. Flora of the Presidency Madras. Vol. I–III. Adlard & Co., London (Reprinted 1956). Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India.
Gupta A. 2016. Studies on Malaxis acuminata D. Don (= Microstylis wallichii Lindl.) – a medicinally important orchid. J. Global Res. Comput. Sci. Technol. 6: 1–11.
Henry A.N., Chithra V., Balakrishnan N.P. 1989. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series 1: Analysis. Vol. 3. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, India.
Hinsley A., de Boer H.J., Fay M.F., Gale S.W. Gardiner L.M., Gunasekara R.S., Kumar P., Masters S., Metusala D., Roberts D.L., Veldman S., Wong S., Jacob P. 2017. A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. box083. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box083
Júnior R.F.G., Aparecida E., Pedrinho N., Castellane T.C.L., Lemos E.G.M. 2011. Auxin-producing bacteria isolated from the roots of Cattleya walkeriana, an endangered Brazilian orchid, and their role in acclimatization. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 35: 729–737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832011000300008
Karuppusamy S., Muthuraja G., Rajasekaran K.M. 2009. Status of orchids on Kolli Hills of Eastern Ghats, Tamilnadu. EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter 15: 3–5.
Kaushik P. 1983. Ecological and anatomical marvels of the Himalayan orchids: 101–113. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Krishnamurthy K.V. 1988. Methods in plant histochemistry. S. Vishwanathan Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India.
Lelliott R.A. 1966. The plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria. J. Appl. Bact. 29: 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1966.tb03458.x
Lohani N., Tewari L.M., Joshi G.C., Kumar R., Kishor K., Upreti B.M. 2013. Population assessment and threat categorization of endangered medicinal orchid Malaxis acuminata D. Don. from North-West Himalaya. Int. J. Conserv. Sci. 4: 483–490.
Manikandan R., Lakshminarasimhan P. 2012. Flowering plants of Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park, Karnataka, India. Check List 8: 1052–1084.
Matthew K.M. 1983. The flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic. The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, India.
Murugesan M., Balasubramaniam V. 2008. A survey on the orchids of Velliangiri hills, a part of Nilgiri Biosphere. Sci. Trans. Environm. Technov. 1: 186–200.
Narayanan P., Laddha K.S., Akamanchi K.G. 2002. Histo-chemical localization of forskolin and other terpenoids in C. forskohlii. Curr. Sci. 83: 945–946.
Nayar T.S., Sibi M., Beegam A.R. 2014. Flowering plants of the Western Ghats, India. Vol. 2. Monocot. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Kerala, India.
Nuammee A., Seelanan T., Suddee S., Pedersen H.Æ. 2016. Notes on Crepidium (Orchidaceae): Two new combinations, a putative natural hybrid, and four species newly recorded for Thailand. Thai Forest Bull. Bot. 44: 35–44. https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb .2016.44.1.08
Peterson R.L., Massicotte H.B., Melville L.H. 2004. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and cell biology. CABI Publishing, UK.
Pridgeon A.M., Stern W.L., Benzing D.H. 1983. Tilosomes in roots of Orchidaceae: Morphology and systematic occurrence. Am. J. Bot. 70: 1365–1377. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443427
Porembski S., Barthlott W. 1988. Velamen radicum micromorphology and classification of Orchidaceae. Nord. J. Bot. 8: 117–137. http://doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00491.x
Pushpa S., Nipun M., Pankaj G., Gurkirpal S., Sumit D., Sakshi S. 2011. Malaxis acuminata: A review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2: 422–425.
Reddy C.S., Reddy K.N., Jadhav S.N. 2001. Malaxis acuminata D. Don (Orchidaceae): A new record for Andhra Pradesh, India. Ind. J. For. 24: 111.
Reddy C.S., Pattanaik C., Murthy M.S.R., Reddy K.N. 2006. Floristic census of orchids of Eastern Ghats, India. The Botanica 56: 79–96.
Ridley H.N. 1887. A revision of the genera Microstylis and Malaxis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 24 (162): 308–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1888.tb01947.x
Samant S.S., Dhar U., Palni L.M.S. 1998. Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity, distribution, potential values. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital.
Senthilkumar S., Krishnamurthy K.V., Britto S.J., Arockiasamy D.I. 2000. Visualization of orchid mycorrhizal fungal structures with fluorescence dye using epifluorescence microscopy. Curr. Sci. 79: 1527–1528. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24104843
Sharma Y.P., Rani J., Raina R., Bandana K. 2014. New insights into the morphology of Malaxis acuminata D. Don. Int. J. Farm Sci. 4: 136–146.
Shekhovtsova N.V., Marakaev O.A., Pervushina K.A., Osipov G.A. 2013. The underground organ microbial complexes of moorland spotted orchid Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae). Adv. Biosci. Biotech. 4: 35–42. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2013.47A2005
Singh A.P. 2005. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhambha Orientalia, New Delhi, India.
Singh A.P. 2006. Raj Nighantu. Chaukhambha Orientalia, New Delhi, India.
Singh D., Kumar S., Pandey R., Hasanain M., Sarkar J., Kumar B. 2017. Bioguided chemical characterization of the antiproliferative fraction of edible pseudo bulbs of Malaxis acuminata D. Don by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Med. Chem. Res. 26 (12): 3307–3314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-017-2023-6
Smith S.A., Read D.J. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Stern W.L. 2014. Orchidaceae. In: Gregory M., Cutler D.F. (eds), Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Vol. X. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Stern W.L., Judd W.S., Carlsward B.S. 2004. Systematic and comparative anatomy of Maxillarieae (orchidaceae), sans Oncidiinae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144: 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00257.x
Subedi A., Kunwar B., Choi Y., Dai Y., Andel T., Chaudhary R.P., Boer H.J., Gravendeel B. 2013. Collection and trade of wild-harvested orchids in Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-64
Sultan J., Singh C.J. 2006. Herbal market spectrum. 1 (2): 1–7. Grameen Vikas Evam Paryavaram Jagran Samiti, Paonta Sahib, Sirmor, Himachal Pradesh.
Uma E., Rajendran R., Muthukumar T. 2015. Morphology, anatomy and mycotrophy of pseudobulb and subterranean organs in Eulophia epidendraea and Malaxis acuminata (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae). Flora 217: 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2015.09.010
Ved D.K., Kinhal G.A., Ravikumar K., Prabhakaran V., Ghate U., Vijaya Shankar R. 2003. Conservation assessment and management. Prioritization for the medicinal plants of Jammu & Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh & Uttaranchal. Bangalore, Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, India.
Ved D.K., Sureshchandra S.T., Barve V., Srinivas V., Sangeetha S., Ravikumar K., Kartikeyan R., Kulkarni V., Kumar A.S., Venugopal S.N., Somashekhar B.S., Sumanth M.V., Begum N., Rani S., Surekha K.V., Desale N. 2016. State-wise medicinal plants checklist. FRLHT’s ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/stchecklist
Vinogradova T., Andronova E.V. 2013. Development of orchid seeds and seedlings. In: Kull T., Arditti J. (eds), Orchid biology: Reviews and perspectives. VIII. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht.
Yeung E.C. 2017. A perspective on orchid seed and protocorm development. Bot. Stud. 58 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-017-0188-4
Yoder L.R., Mahlberg P.G. 1976. Reaction of alkaloid and histochemical indicators in laticifers and specialized parenchyma cells of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). Am. J. Bot. 63: 1167–1173. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2441734
Published
2018-03-11
How to Cite
ADAMS, Sebastian John et al.
Distribution, morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of Crepidium acuminatum.
Modern Phytomorphology, [S.l.], v. 12, p. 15-32, mar. 2018.
ISSN 2227-9555.
Available at: <http://ojs.phytomorphology.org/index.php/MP/article/view/513>. Date accessed: 09 aug. 2018.
doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1195691.
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Research Articles
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